Symptoms & Causes
Signs and Symptoms
There are two basic types of migraine headaches:
Common migraine: This accounts for almost 80% of all migraine headaches. In common migraine, there is no aura before the headache commences. Common migraine tends to be less severe as compared to classic migraine.
Classic migraine: Patients with classic migraine experience an 'aura' before their headache begins. An aura is a neurological phenomenon that precedes the migraine attack and consists of a visual disturbance in most cases.
Migraine attacks typically have the following stages:
- Prodrome
- Aura
- Headache
- Postdrome
Prodrome:
Many Migraine patients experience prodromal symptoms which appear a few hours or days prior to an attack. These symptoms, if recognized early, can help one avoid the actual attack. A general feeling of irritability or an unusually, sudden desire for sweets, water etc appears during this stage.
Auras:
Almost many of the migraine patients experience an aura before their headache commences. An aura is most commonly a visual disturbance that precedes the phase of headache. Blurred vision, floaters, light flashes, partial loss of vision in one eye, blind spots, smelling odors that are actually not present, difficulty in speaking or weakness in articulation are some common presentations of an aura. The aura lasts for anywhere between 15 minutes to one hour.
Headache:
One can observe the following symptoms
Pain confined to one side of the head or may affect both sides
Pain may also affect the eyes, temple area and may radiate to the face and jaws
Nature of pain is usually moderate to severe and pulsating or throbbing
Pain associated with nausea and/or vomiting, Pain may be temporarily relieved by vomiting
Sensitivity to light and noises during the pain
Sensitive to anything touching the head during attack
Pain may typically may last for up to 72 hours but many a times subsides within a day or 2
Postdrome:
After headache terminates, symptoms like fatigue, inability to concentrate, etc. may be observed.
Causes:
Numerous factors such as hormonal, trigeminal nerve and vascular involvement, serotonin imbalance etc have been assumed, however no precise cause & mechanism for its manifestation is currently known.
There are numerous trigger of Migraine, some of which are
- Food & drinks:Alcohol, chocolates, caffeine, MSG (Monosodium Glutamate),fermented food and pickles
- Hormonal imbalance: Migraines may appear in relation to the periods, pregnancy & menopause.
- Lack of sleep of alteration in sleep pattern
- Stimuli: Sunlight, bright or fluorescent light, glare and loud noises and unusual or strong smells
- Skipping or delaying a meal or irregular eating habit.
- Stress: Excessive mental & physical stress, depression and insomnia
- Watching movies or moving objects may trigger an attack
- Medications: Contraceptive pills, Excessive use of migraine relieving pain-killers, HRT (Hormone replacement therapy) etc..
It is difficult but not impossible to detect the migraine triggers in every case. Well informed patients can choose from the variety of things that can be a potential cause of their pain. This in turn helps to decrease the frequency and manage the migraine better.
How to diagnose Migraine:
Migraine is largely diagnosed on the basis of history given by the patient. Investigations are as such not required for this disease but are equally important to rule out other possibilities like stroke, tumor, meningitis, sinusitis etc… which can cause similar type of headache.
Computerized tomography scan (CT scan)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)